\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 literally: <\/strong>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\u0641\u064a \u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 British Online \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u064b \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 et al. \u0648ibid.\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 British Online \u0643\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 British Online \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0643. \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 British Online \u00a0 \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0639 British Online\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0645\u0639 British Online\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a! \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u062e. etc. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 et cetera \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643” \u0623\u0648 “\u0648\u0647\u0644\u0645\u0651 \u062c\u0631\u0651\u0627” \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0637\u0642 [\u02cc\u025bt \u02c8s\u025bt\u0259r\u0259] \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: The languages spoken in the English-speaking world include Spanish, French, etc. \u0646\u0631\u0649. viz. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 videre licet \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0646\u0631\u0649” \u0623\u0648 “\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f”\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0637\u0642 [v\u026az] \u0648\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 i.e. \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 viz. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: The test requires attendance from all students, i.e., those who are officially enrolled in the course. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 vs. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 versus \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 “\u0636\u062f” \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0637\u0642 [\u02c8v\u025d\u02d0.s\u0259s] \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u062f.” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: In the final match, Team A won vs. Team B. \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 ad lib \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 ad libitum\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629” \u0623\u0648 “\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0644\u064b\u0627.” \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: I forgot the script, so I had to speak ad lib. \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 N.B. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 nota bene \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627” \u0623\u0648 “\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629.” \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: N.B.: The change in the schedule applies to all departments, not just one. \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 et al. \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 et alii\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646.” \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0637\u0642 [et \u00e6l] \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: According to a study by Kocher et al., … \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0638\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 “\u0625\u0644\u062e.” \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 sic \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: The president tweeted: ‘This is a job without a leader [sic]. \u0623\u064a i.e. \u064a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 id est \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0623\u064a” \u0623\u0648 “\u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649.” \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0643\u0640 [a\u026a\u02c8i\u02d0] \u0623\u0648 “\u0623\u064a” \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: The test requires attendance from all students, i.e., those who are officially enrolled in the course. \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a c., cca., ca., circ. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 (circa) \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a” \u0623\u0648 “\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627” \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0637\u0642 [\u02c8s\u025d\u02d0.k\u0259] \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: The scientist was born in c. 1450. \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 ad hoc \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0638\u0631\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635. \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636” \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: An ad hoc committee was formed to resolve the dispute. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 “\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0632” \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 e.g. \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 exempli gratia \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644.” \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0640 “\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b” \u0623\u0648 “e.g.” \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: Programming requires skills like logical thinking, e.g., writing algorithmic code. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 loc. cit.: \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633” \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 ibid. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 sub verbo: \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a scilicet \u0623\u0648 sc.:\u00a0 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648”\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0635 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647 infra, supra: \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635: infra \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647. supra \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647. \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u062f q.v.: \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631”\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 see, \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 id. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629. “id.” \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 “idem”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647”. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 cf. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 “confer” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646”. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631<\/p>","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":7071,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[29],"class_list":["post-7031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-29"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7031","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7031"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7031\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7079,"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7031\/revisions\/7079"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7071"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
![\"](\"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Untitled-design-1.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a-1.webp\")
<\/a><\/p>\n![\"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a](\"https:\/\/british-online.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Untitled-design.zip-1-4.jpg\")
<\/p>\n